APPSC material: AP History- Renaissance in Andhra

Renaissance in Andhra:

Kandakuri Veeresalingam Pantulu (1848-1919)- Father of renaissance in Andhra
He wrote Rajashekara charitam(1st novel in telugu)- based on Vikar of Vakefield.
Translated Gulliver's travel(Johnnathan Swift) into telugu- Satyaraja purvadesha yatra

Drama- Brahmavivaham

His newspapers: vivekavardhini( 1st paper), satyavadhini, telugu janana, hasya sanjeevani, sathihithabodhini, satyasamvardhini, chintamani

He estb a girl's school at Dhavaleswaram in 1874. Kokkanda Venkatratnam pantulu opposed education for women and published articles in "Andhrabhasha sanjivini" and "Purusharadapradayani"

For the services rendered by Kandukuri, Rajamuhndry college Principal Mectaffe praised him

Performed 1st widow remarriage in Andhra . Sriramulu- Sitamma on 11th Dec 1881 in Rajamuhndry.
Built widow's homes at Madras and Rajamuhndry.
Started schools for harijans, night schools for working class.
Intoduced co-ed in Andhra.

His titles:
Rao Bahadur- by British
Gadya Tikanna
Andhra Vaitalika
Gadya Vajmayibrahma
South Indian Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar- by MG Ranade

Raghupati Venkat Ratnam Naidu:
He was Principal of Mahaboob college, secunderabad
He was called Kulapti, Brahmarshi
He estb Sanghika Suddhi Samaj in 1891
His papers- Brahmaprakashika, Fellow worker, People's friend


Unnava Laxmi Narayana- estb Guntur Vitantu Saranalayam in 1902.
                                                - started Sarada Niketan School for girls
                                                - wrote Malapalli novel

Gurujada Appa Rao- Diddubatu

1st telugu journal to be published - satyadoota by Christian Association of Bellary in 1835 from Madras.
To counteract the propaganda of christian missionaries, 'Tatwabodhini' was started by Veda Samaj of Madras in 1864.
Vedasamaj was estb by V Rajagopalacharyulu, Subbaraya Setty
1st telugu political news weekly- Andhra Prakashika (1885) by Parthasarathi Naidu

Gajula Laxminarsimha Chetty- English weekly- Crescent
                                              Chennapatnam Swadeshi sangham

Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884) President- P Rangaih
                                                   Secretary- P Anandacharyulu



 

Appsc material: AP History- 1857 revolt in Andhra

In Parlakimedi, revolt was started by Dundasena. He was shot dead by Captain Wilsonnate.
In Yernagudem, East Godavari, Korukonda Subba Reddy started the revolt. He was hanged to death.
In Visakapatnam many muslims supporte the sepoys.

In Hyderabad, Nizam Afzaludowla and PM Salarjung supported the British.
 In 1839, the wahabi movement against British became intense in Hyderabad. Mubariz-ud-dowla, S/O Sikander Jha supported the movement. The company arrested him and confined him in Golconda fort till his death.
The nawab of Kurnool, Gulam Rasool Khan was arrested and sent to Tiruchurapalli.
Company occupied Berar, Raichur, Osmanabad as Nizam did not pay the debt.

Jamedar Chida Khan who arrived from Aurangabad, started revolt against British in Hyderabad. He was areested and kept in British Residency.
Turrebaj Khan and Maulvi Allauddin with the Rohillas army attacked the British Residency to get Chida Khan released. Col. Davidson defended the residency. They were captured and deported to Andaman jail.

Reasons for the failure:
Common people did not support the sepoys.
They beleived in the developmental activities of the British.
Sati prohibition Act-1829

As a result of 1857 revolt the administration was transferred from East India Co to the British Crown.


Sir Arthur Cotton built an anicut on Godavari at Dhavaleswaram in 1849
Madras Native Association was formed in 1852

Rampa rebillion-1879
     tribals were prevented from tapping toddy
Rekepalli rebellion- tax was increased on podu cultivation

Nizams college was estb in 1887.


    

Appsc material- AP History- Establishment of British rule

First people to come to Andhra were Dutch in 1605. With the permission of Quli Qutub shah they estb trading centres at Machilipatnam, Pulicot.
English came to Andhra in 1611. Their ship was Globe and Captain Hippon. Their trading centres- Machilipatnam.,Pulicot, Armugam(Nellore), Madras.
St. George Fort was built in Madras in 1639 with the help of Damerla Venkatadri(governor of Chandragiri).

The Nizam of Hyderabad, Salabath Jung, came to power with the help of French Commander Bussee. He gave Rs 24 lacs as military expenditure and  Northern Circars to the French.

Battle of Bobbili( (1757):
Vijayanagara zamindar Vijayaramaraju with the help of Bussee killed Bobbili zamindar Peda Ranga Rao.
Thandra Paparayudu(his title-Bobbili Bebbuli ) , bro-in-law of Ranga Rao killed Vijayaramaraju.

Anandagajapatiraju s/o Vijayaramaraju came to power . Bussee forced him to pay taxes. He asked English to occupy northern circars. Robert Clive sent Col. Ford to occupy northern circars.


 1758- Kasimkota agreement: Taxes were collected by Anandagajapati and sea ports were given to the English

Bussee appointed Conplans to look after northern circars and went to Madras to participate in the 3rd Carnatic war

1758- Battle of Chandurthi: Anandagajapatiraju and Col. Ford fought against French. Conplans was defeated and northern circars came under English.

1759-Treaty of Machilipatnam: Salabath jung with the British
Sal;abath Jung's brother Nizam Ali Khan occupied Hyderabad when he went to make treaty with the British. Salabath jung was imprisoned.
Nizam Ali Khan did not accept Treaty of Machilipatnam.
The British officer  John Fybus sent a mediator Kandregula Jogipantulu(dubhashi) to the court of Nizam Ali Khan. The Nizam was forced to give Northern Circars to British and they paid him Rs 15 lacs every year.

Lord Wellesley intoduces Subsidiary Alliance in 1798. Nizam Ali Khan was the first ruler to accept it.
Ceded districts- Bellary, Kurnool, Cuddapah, Annatapur were given to British.
1st collector of ceded dists- Thomas Munro. He spoke in Telugu.
With the help of Reed he introduced Ryotwari system.
 With the help of Campbell he suppressed palegars.

Appsc material: AP history- Qutub Shahis

Qutub Shahis believed inthe 'Divine right theory of monarchy'.
Sultan was the head of civil, military, judicial administration.
Majlis-i-kingash- council of ministers
wazir- prime minister
dabir- link between sultan and officials
durbars were conducted regularly.

Kingdom was divided into:
Tarafs(province)- tarafdar
sarkar(district)- fauzdar
paraganas(taluks)
village- muquddam, karanam

Main source of income- laand revenue
Tax farming system was the principle feature of revenue administartion
Right of collecting revenue was auctioned

Qutub shahis never maintained a  standing army. They dependen on the feudal levies supplied by nobles and jagirdars. Only Abul Hasan maintained a standing army.

Judicial administration was based on shariat(islamic law), royal firmans and Hindu law

Mohd quli estb Aman mahal
They believed in astrology
court language - urdu( mixture of persian, sanskrit, marathi)

Ibrahim qutub shah (was called malkibharam)patronised
Ponneganti Telanganaraya, Addanki Gangadhara kavi, Kandukuri Rudra kavi

Mohd. Qutub shah-
Somayaji, Ganesh pandit, Ramireddi, Sarangu Tammaya

Abul Hasan-
Shay Akbar- translated rangasai into sanskrit
Madanna-prime minister
Akkanna- officer in army
Gopanna- revenue incharge in Bhadrachalam

Appsc material: AP History- Qutub Shahis

Qutub Shahis of Golconda (1512-1687)

Qutub Shahis belonged to a Turkish tribe- karakanelu
They were originally inhabitants of Persia

Quli Qutub Shah- He came to Deccan and got a job in the court of Mohd. Shah 111, the Bahmani Sultan of Bidar. He became the governor of Telangana region. After the death of Mohd. Shah, he declared himself independent.
Quli Qutub Shah fortified the Golconda fort and named it Mohammadnagar in the name of Mohd. Shah 111. He invaded warangal, other telangana regions and occupied them. He was defeated by Srikrishnadevaraya.

Jamshed Quli- He murdered his father(Quli Qutub), brother and ascended the throne. His younger brother , Ibrahim Qutub retired to Vijayanagara where he was received with sympathy by Aliya Ramaraya.

Ibrahim Qutub Shah- He stayed in the court of Sadasivaraya for 7 years. But when he came to power in Golconda he changed his attitude towards Vijayanagara.
Battle of Tallikota- 1565 AD
He established central and provincial administration.
He excavated many canals and constructed tanks and dams. tank at Ibrahimpatnam and Hussainsagar.
Ibrahimbagh and Poolbagh were laid by him. He built bridge across river musi in Hyderabad.

Mohd. Quli Qutub Shah- During his time, the kingdom of Golconda embraced whole of Andhra. he maintained friendly relations with Shah of Persia.
He gave permission to East India Co. to establish trade centres at Machilipatnam in 1611 AD.
He was responsible for the planning and building of the modern city of Hyderabad (Bhagyanagar). Built Charminar, Jama masjid, Chandanmahal.
Constructed dam across musi in hyderabad and thereby provided drinking water to the city.

Mohd. qutub Shah- Son-in-law of Mohd. Quli
built Mecca masjid

Abdulla qutub shah- He acknowledged the supremacy of Mughals and even struck coins in the name of Shah Jahan.
Aurangazeb as Viceroy of Deccan invaded Golconda. A treaty was concluded between Aurangazeb and Abdullah. he became subordinate of the Mughal emperor

Abul Hasan- Last Qutub Shahi Sultan. Popularly known as Tanishah. Son -in-law of Abdullah.
Maintained good relations with Shivaji.
1686- Akanna , Madanna were killed
1687- Aurangazeb invaded Golconda and annexed into Mughal empire.

Appsc material: AP History- Vijayanagara empire

1565- Battle of Rakshasi/Thangadi/Tallikota /Bannihatti
fought between Vijayanagara ruler and Bahmani kingdom for Raichur doab, Tungabhadra doab, K-G basin and maratha wada.
Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda and Ahmadnagar- Bahamani kingdoms
Berar did not participate in the battle.
Sadasivarayalu -the original ruler. But the real power was vested with Aliyaramarayalu
Aliyaramarayalu was killed by Hussain Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar
Capital was shifted to Penukonda (Anantapur)

Araveti dynasty: founded by Araveti Tirumalaraya
Venkatapati Raya 11 shifted capital from Penukonda to Chandragiri
Ranga 11 -last emperor

Administration:

Monarchy continued. Amuktamalyada gives good account of their administration.
Mantri parishad (council of ministers) assisted the king.
Empire was divided into Province- Rajya and mandala- headed by a governor or viceroy or nayaka.
Village was unit of administration. Ayyagars were different professionals in the village who participated in the administration.
Nayamkara sysytem- to maintain law and order system.
Palegar system- to maintain law and order in villages

Agriculture was the main preofession. 1/6th
Tax paid in kind (grains)- Neerambara
Tax paid in cash- kadambara
Tax on beggars- ganachari
Tax on prostitution- sita tax

with the tax collected from prostitutes, salaries for policemen were paid.
Progressive taxation existed.
Krishnadevaraya abolished tax on marriage and marriage pandals

Laws were based on Parasharasmruti, yagnavalkya smruti
Pradavikas-judges
Dhanodhbhava-civil court
Himsodhbhava- criminal court
sastritha-court lokked after by king

standing army was maintained by amaranayakars

Motupalli, Machilipatnam- seaports
Golconda, Vajrakur were famous for diamonds

Gadwana, varaham - gold coins
Prataparunam-silver coins
Chinam, jital-coppercoins


on the walls of Hazara ramaswamy temple Ramayana, Mahabharata stories were carved.
Padma (Gagan) mahal- Hindu muslim culture

Paintings: Jain miniature painting traditions and techniques were followed. Found in Thanjavur, lepakshi, Hampi.

Gonabuddha reddy -Ranganatha ramyanam.